Lhasa - Potala Palace 拉萨 - 布达拉宫

布达拉宫（英文译音：the Potala Palace）俗称“第二普陀山”，屹立在西藏首府拉萨市区西北的红山上，是一座规模宏大的宫堡式建筑群。最初是松赞干布为迎娶文成公主而兴建的，17世纪重建后，布达拉宫成为历代达赖喇嘛的冬宫居所，也是西藏政教合一的统治中心。整座宫殿具有鲜明的藏式风格，依山而建，气势雄伟。布达拉宫中还收藏了无数的珍宝，堪称是一座艺术的殿堂。1961年，布达拉宫被中华人民共和国国务院公布为第一批全国重点文物保护单位之一。1994年，布达拉宫被列为世界文化遗产。

布达拉宫始建于七世纪松赞干布时期。十七世纪五世达赖喇嘛时期重建后，成为历代达赖喇嘛的住息地和政教合一的中心。主体建筑分白宫和红宫，主楼十三层，高115.7米，由寝宫、佛殿、灵塔殿、僧舍等组成。布达拉宫是历世达赖喇嘛的冬宫，也是过去西藏地方统治者政教合一的统治中心，从五世达赖喇嘛起，重大的宗教、政治仪式均在此举行，同时又是供奉历世达赖喇嘛灵塔的地方。

白宫横贯两翼，为达赖喇嘛生活起居地，有各种殿堂长廊，摆设精美，布置华丽，墙上绘有与佛教有关的绘画，多出名家之手。红宫居中，供奉佛像，松赞干布像，文成公主和尼泊尔尺尊公主像数千尊，以及历代达赖喇嘛灵塔，黄金珍宝嵌间，配以彩色壁画，辉煌金碧。整个建筑群占地10余万平方米，房屋数千间，布局严谨，错落有致，体现了西藏建筑工匠高超技艺。布达拉宫是西藏政教合一政权的中心。每逢节日活动，宫门挤满信仰藏传佛教各民族佛教徒，成为著名佛教圣地。1990年8月后重修。

宫殿的设计和建造根据高原地区阳光照射的规律，墙基宽而坚固，墙基下面有四通八达的地道和通风口。屋内有柱、斗拱、雀替、梁、椽木等，组成撑架。铺地和盖屋顶用的是叫“阿尔嘎”的硬土，各大厅和寝室的顶部都有天窗，便于采光，调解空气。宫内的柱梁上有各种雕刻，墙壁上的彩色壁画面积有2,500多平方米。

The Potala Palace is located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It was named after Mount Potala, the abode of Chenresig or Avalokitesvara. The Potala Palace was the chief residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India, after an invasion and failed uprising in 1959.
Lozang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (d. 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. It may overlay the remains of an earlier fortress, called the White or Red Palace, on the site built by Songtsen Gampo in 637.Today, the Potala Palace is a museum.

The building measures 400 metres east-west and 350 metres north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging 3 m. thick, and 5 m. (more than 16 ft) thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes.Thirteen stories of buildings – containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues – soar 117 metres (384 ft) on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than 300 m (about 1,000 ft) in total above the valley floor.
Tradition has it that the three main hills of Lhasa represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet." Chokpori, just to the south of the Potala, is the soul-mountain (bla-ri) of Vajrapani, Pongwari that of Manjushri, and Marpori, the hill on which the Potala stands, represents Chenresig or Avalokiteshvara.

Built at an altitude of 3,700 m (12,100 ft), on the side of Marpo Ri ('Red Mountain') in the center of Lhasa Valley, the Potala Palace, with its vast inward-sloping walls broken only in the upper parts by straight rows of many windows, and its flat roofs at various levels, is not unlike a fortress in appearance. At the south base of the rock is a large space enclosed by walls and gates, with great porticos on the inner side. A series of tolerably easy staircases, broken by intervals of gentle ascent, leads to the summit of the rock. The whole width of this is occupied by the palace.

The central part of this group of buildings rises in a vast quadrangular mass above its satellites to a great height, terminating in gilt canopies similar to those on the Jokhang. This central member of Potala is called the "red palace" from its crimson colour, which distinguishes it from the rest. It contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai Lamas. There is in these much rich decorative painting, with jewelled work, carving and other ornament.

The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, built between 1767 and 1771, was in part modeled after the Potala Palace. The palace was named by the American television show Good Morning America and newspaper USA Today as one of the "New Seven Wonders".